TCP / IP - Alternative Bandwidth

TCP / IP - Alternative Bandwidth 

Kecepatn communications, kaapasitas telecommunications networks, can be classified according to the Bandwidth. Bandwidth is the frequency range of telecommunications channels. Bandwidth determines the maximum transmission rate of the network. Speed, and capacity of the data transmission rate is usually measured in bytes per second (bps). This is sometimes called the baud rate (taken from the name of the French inventor, JME Baudor), although the actual baud is a measure of the change in the signal transmission path. 

Narrow-Band Channel generally provides high transmission rate is low, only up to 64 Kbps, but now can provide up to 2 Mbps. The channel is usually a line pair, which is not protected, which is used for telephone communication, and for the communication of data by modem, computer, and other equipment. Channel medium speed (meddium-band) using path-protected pair for transmission speeds of up to 100 MBps. 

Line Broadband provides high-speed transmission rate, the interval between 256 000 bps to beberpa billion bps. Generally, these lines using short-wave, optical fiber, or satellite transmission. Examples are communication channels T1, at 1.54 million bps or T3, at 45 MBps, up satellite communication channels, 100 Mbps, and anatar 52 MBps and 10 Gbps for fiber-optic lines. Rouse is currently being upgraded PT.TELKOM INDONESIA the use of optical subscriber line, so customers can enjoy drawing at home video, telephone, internet at the same time at a very high speed. Access technology used to use MSAN (Multi Service Access Node), which is connected directly to the Main Frame Server Metro-Ethernet (high speed backbone transmission) supported Softwitch (for ID phone number or mobile phone), IP TV Server (cable TV services ) and BRAS (speedy service). 

TCP / IP - Alernatif Switching 

Regular telephone services rely on circuit switching, where a switch make a circuit, to establish connections between the sender and receiver. This connection remains open until the communication session is completed. In message switching, a message is sent within a specified time, switching from one device to other devices. 

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Packet switching involves the distribution of communication messages, into the fixed, or variable called packets. For example, the X-25 protocol, the package along 128 characters, tamun its frame relay technologies vary in length. Dikjalankan general packet switching network, the carrier-added (value-added carrier), which uses a computer, da other communications processors, packet switching for the control process, and send packets to berbagaipemakai in the network. 

The initial packet switching network, is the X-25. Prokol X-25, the standard that governs intrnasional operations, a widely used, but it is a packet switching protocol which is also popular, and is widely used by large companies to WAN. Frame Relay is much faster than the X-25, and more able to cope with the flow of dense telecommunication LAN, which are interconnected in a network client / server companies. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is a new cell switching technology, high capacity. ATM Switch solves voice, video, and data into cells other remains sebesar53 bytes (48 bytes of data and 5 bytes of control information), and megarahkan to its destination in the network. ATM networks are being developed, many companies memputuhkan high capacity multimedia capabilities, for data communications, voice and video.

Telecommunication Network Topology

Telecommunication Network Topology 

There are some basics of topology, or the structure of the network, the telecommunications network. Three basic topologies used in WAN. And LAN. Stars networks, binds to the end user's computer, to a central computer. Ring networks, binds local computer processors, the ring, with a more equal basis. Bus Network, is a network, which uses local processor bus with, or communication channels together. Variations ring network, is Mesh Network, which uses a direct communication channel to interconnect some or all of the computers in the ring. 

Network client / server, it can use a combination approach star, ring, and bus. Clearly, more centralized star network, while the ring and bus networks, has a decentralized approach. However, it is not always the case, for example a computer center in a star configuration, can act as a switch, or computer modifiers messages, which regulates data communications anatar autonomous local computer. Network Star, Ring, and Bus, differ in terms of performance, reliability, and cost. Pure star network, considered to be reliable as a ring network, since other computers in the ring, relying on a central computer. If the central computer is damaged, there is no communication capabilities and backup processing and local computer is disconnected. This situation is usually resolved ddengan put multiprocessor architecture, which has the ability to tolerate faults. 

Protocols and Network Architectures 

Until a moment ago, there is a lack standards for interfaces, including hardware, siftware, and communication channels of the telecommunications network. The situation has hindered the use of telecommunications, increases costs, and reduces the efficient and effective. In response, national and international telecommunications manufacturers, has developed standards called protocols, and a master plan called the network architecture, to support the development of data communications network, which is more reliable. 

Protocols are the rules and procedures for controlling the communication in the network. Each device manufacturing has different protocols, therefore it is necessary for a standard as I would have to say the following after this. 

Network architecture; purpose network architectures, is to Promote an open telecommunications environment and a simple, flexible, and efficient. This is done using standard protocols, interfaces, software, hardware and communications standards, and standard multilevel interface design, between the end user and computer systems. 

OSI Models 

International Standards Organisation (ISO) has developed a model of seven layers, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), to become the standard model for network architecture. The division of data communications functions into seven (7) different layers, encourages the development of modular network architecture, which helps the development, operation, and maintenance of telecommunications networks, complex. 

TCP / IP Internet Models 

Internet protocol telecommunications systems, which have been widely used, so it is now accepted as the network architecture. Package internet protocol called Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol, which is abbreviated as TCP / IP. TCP / IP consists of 5 (five) layer protocol that can be connected to the 7 (seven) layers in the OSI architecture. TCP / IP is used by the Internet and all intranet and extranet. Many companies, and other organizations, changing wide area networks, and client / server, the TCP / IP technology, which is now often referred to, IP networks.

Telecommunications Software

Telecommunications Software

Software is a key component of all telecommunications networks. Network management software, and telecommunications, can be placed in computers, servers, mainframes, and communication processors as multiplekserdan router. The program is used by network servers and other computers in the network, to manage network performance. Programs, program management functions such menjalanka, client computers automatically check for activity input / outputs, prioritize requests from clients and data communication terminals, as well as detecting and correcting transmission errors and other network problems.

For example, the frequent use of mainframe-based WAN monitoring teleprosesing (Teleprocessing Monitor, TP). Control System identification of customer (customer identification control system, CICS) for IBM mainframe is a general example. Servers in the local area and other networks often rely on network operating systems, such as Novell Netware, or operating systems such as UNIX, Linux, or Microsoft Windows for network management. Many software suppliers also offer software as a telecommunications medium-scale devices (middleware), which can help different networks to communicate with each other.

Telecommunications functions built in Microsoft Wondows and other operating systems provide a variety of communications support services. For example, working with communications processors (eg, modem) to connect and disconnect and set communication parameters such as speed, how, and transmission.

Network Management

Manjemen packet networks such as telecommunication network operations and monitor prioritize transmission channel (route and switch) messages, the terminals in the network, and form a waiting line (queue) of the transmission request. This package also detects and corrects errors transmsi, log statistics, from network activity, and protect network resources from unauthorized access.

Examples of network management functions are:

Flow management; Mengelolasumber power and current in order to avoid network congestion and optimize service levels for users.

Security as a major concern of the current network management. Thus, the telecommunications software menyediaakan authentication, encryption, firewalls and auditing functions, and enforce security policies.

Surveillance Network; Settlement issues and network monitoring to network administrators informed about potential problems before they occur.

Capacity Planning; Survey of network resources and the flow pattern and the need to meet the needs of the network users are constantly growing and changing.

Telecommunications Processor

Telecommunications Processor

Telecommunications processors such as modems, multiplexer, switches, and routers, perform various support functions, such as computers and other equipment in the telecommunications network.

Modem

Modem is the most common telecommunication processor. Modem converts the digital signal from the computer, or terminal transmission, at one end of analog telecommunication frequencies that can be transmitted by using a regular phone line. Modem on the other end of the communication channel, change back into digital form at the receiving terminal. This process is called modulation and demodulation, and the word modem stands Edua word. Modem is available in various forms, including the smallest unit of a separate, circuit board mounted, and a modem card that can be removed from the laptop. Most modems also support various telecommunications functions, such as control of transmission errors, penelponan, and automatic acceptance, and fax capabilities.

Modem is used for telephone network was originally designed for analog signals (electromagnetic waves), such as those produced by the human voice on the phone. Because the data from the computer in digital form (pulse voltage), there should be a tool to convert digital signals into analog transmission frequency appropriate and vice versa. However, the digital network, which uses only a digital signal, and does not require conversion of analog / digital is increasingly common. Because many modem also perform various telecommunications support functions, such as modem digital equipment is still used in digital networks.

Multiplexer

Multiplexer is a communications processor that enables a single communications channel to carry simultaneous data transmissions from many terminals. This is achieved in two ways. In this, the frequency division multiplex (FDM), effectively dividing the channel multiplexer, high-speed channel Cleaner be much lower. In a time division multiplexer (TDM), multiplexer can share time digunakanoleh every terminal in the high-speed channel into time frames, or time slots, which are very short.

Internet-Based Processors

Telecommunications networks interconnected by a special purpose processor communication called internet-based processor (internetwork processors), such as switches, routers, hubs, and gateways. Switch is a communications processor that connects between telecommunications circuits in the network. When this switch is available in various versions with network management capabilities. Router communication processor is connected each intelligent network based on different rules or protocols, so that messages can be sent to its destination telecommunications. Hub telecom is changing port processor. More advanced version of hubs and switches provide automatic change between connections, called port for shared access to network resources. Workplace, servers, printers, and other network resources generally associated with the port. A network communication architecture using different interconnected using telecommunications processors called gateways. All equipment ni essential to provide easy access and connections between the various LAN and WAN, which is part of da internet client / server network in many companies.

Wireless Technology - Advanced

PCS and Cellular System

System pager, PCS phone, and mobile radio communications using multiple technologies. However, everything is divided into several geographical era of small areas, or cells, the area is generally from one to several square miles. Each cell has a low-power transmitter or radio antenna to broadcast a call from one cell to the other. Computers and other communications processors coordinate and megendalikan transmission to and from mobile users, as they move from the area to other areas.

Mobile phone system, have long used analog communications technology beroperasipada frequency 800 to 900 MHz. The new cellular systems use digital technology, which provides security and greater capacity, and ancillary services such as voice mail, paging, messaging, and caller ID. This capability is also available on the phone system PCS (personal communication service). PCS operates at a frequency of 1900 MHz using digital technology related to digital cellular. However, the PCS telephone system costs much less to run and use, rather than cellular systems and require less power consumption.

Wireless LAN

Cabling in an office or building for an advanced local area network often a difficult and costly task. The buildings are older, often do not have the channel for coaxial cable, double or extra cables and lines in the newer building, may not have enough space to put additional cable. Repair wiring errors and damage is often difficult and expensive, the same as with the relocation of the workplace LAN, and other components. One solution to this is an issue with installing Wireless LAN, using one of several wireless technologies. For example, high-frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular and a low frequency radio technology called Spread Spectrum (Spectrum spead).

The use of Wireless LANs grows rapidly with the implementation of the new high-speed technologies. For example, a wireless radio wave technology open standard, called IEEE.802.11b, or more popularly didesebut, WiFi (Wireless Fidelity). WiFi is much faster (11 MBps) and cheaper than a standard ethernet cable-based LAN technologies. Developing IEEE.802.11.g (54 MBps), and the longer the higher speed.

Wireless Web

Wireless Access to the internet, intranet and extranet grow along with the increasing number of Web-based information tools. Smart Telephone, Pager, PDA, and other communications equipment, an advanced client has a very thin (very thin Client) in a wireless network. Agreement on standarprotokol wireless applications (Wireless Application Personal, WAP), which encourages the development of many wireless services and Web applications. The telecommunications industry continues elaborated third generation wireless technologies (3G) which aims to improve wireless transmission speeds to enable multimedia applications and video on mobile devices.

Wireless technology.

Wireless technology.

Wireless telecommunications technology, controlling radio waves, microwaves, infrared, and light pulses to transmit digital communications, wireless communication between devices. Wireless technologies including terrestrial microwave, satellite communications, cellular and PCS telephone and pager systems, mobile data radios, Wireless LAN, Wireless Internet and other technologies. Each technology uses certain jangkaun, in the electromagnetic spectrum (in Mega Hertz), from electromagnetic frequencies mentioned by national regulatory agencies, to reduce interference, and encourage efficient telecommunications.

Micro wave terrestrial.

Micro wave terrestrial microwave systems involve, attached to the earth, which sends radio signals at high speed, the path between the receiving station, which is located approximately 30 miles. Microwave antenna, usually placed on top of buildings, monuments, hill, or mountain top. This antenna has often we see in many places in this country. The antenna is still a popular medium for metropolitan area networks, and remote.

Satellite Communications,

Satellite communications also use short-wave radio as a medium for telecommunication. Generally, communications satellites that orbit farther away from the earth's surface (high-earth-orbit, HEO), placed in orbit geosinkronis, located approximately 22.000 miles above the equator. Satellite gets power from solar panels, and can send a signal, a short wave of several hundred million bytes per second. Serves as a satellite broadcasters, for the communication signal transmitted from the earth station. Earth stations use dish antenna to direct short wave signals to a satellite, which strengthens and sends back the signal to the other work on earth, located thousands of miles away.

Communications satellites originally used to transmit voice and video. However, the current satellites are also used to send large amounts of data at high speed. Leh due to delays caused by distance, the satellite is not suitable for direct or interactive processing. Satellite communications system is run by the few companies in the world.

Various other satellite technology, is being implemented to improve the global business communications. For example, many companies use a small dish network called "a very small open terminal" (very-small-aperture terminal VSAT), for connecting them to the workplace store the remote through the radio. Other satellite networks using satellites are orbiting close to earth's surface (low-earth-orbit, LEO), which orbits at an altitude of only 500 miles above the Earth's surface

Telecommunications Media,

Telecommunications Media,

Telecommunications channels using a variety of telecommunications media. This includes cable, pairs, double angle cable, and fiber optic cables, which are physically connecting devices on the network. Also includes short wave terrestrial (terrestrial microwave), satellite communication systems, cellular phones, as well as LAN and packet radio, which are used, microwaves and other radio waves. In addition, there is also an infrared system, which uses infrared light to send and receive data.

Pair Cables

Public telephone cable, which consists of copper wires, twisted pairs (cable pair), is a telecommunications media the most widely used. These cables are used for communications networks around the world, in various forms, and is widely used in home phone systems, and office, as well as in many LAN and WAN. Speed transmission, between 2 million bytes per second (the guards) to 100 million bytes per second (with protection).

Coaxial Cables.

Coaxial cable consists of copper-aluminum wires datau, powerful and packed with a barrier, which serves as an insulator and protector. Penutupkabel insulation and minimize interference, the signals carried by the cable. Group of coaxial cable, the cable can be united in order to be easily installed. This high-quality paths, can be placed in the basement, or in the bottom of lakes, and oceans. Coaxial cable enabling, high speed data transmission, (from 200 million to 500 million bytes per second - 200 MBps to 500 MBps). And more widely used than the cable pairs, in a metropolitan area, for cable TV systems, and for computer connection, a short distance, and peripheral equipment. Coaxial cables are also used in many office buildings and other workplaces to the LAN.

Fiber Optic Cables.

Fiber optic cables are composed of one or more hair-thin filament, fiber glass wrapped with a protective jacket. Optical fibers, can produce a glowing pulse elemn (photons) produced by the laser beam, with a transmission rate of up to trillions of bytes per second (Terabyte per second or Tbps). This, about a hundred times larger than coaxial cable, and a thousand times better than cable pairs. Fiber optic cables provide substantial unkuran, and weight reduction, as well as increasing the speed and capacity, greater. Optical fiber cable diameter half inhi, can carry more than 500,000 channels, compared with only about 5,500 channels on a standard coaxial cable.

Fiber optic cables are not affected or mengasilkan electromagnetic radiation, therefore, the optical fiber can be placed on the same cable. Fiber optic cables do not need to pengulanagn signal transmission, unlike copper cable media,. Fiber optics also has a data error rate lower than other media, and more difficult to be tapped, rather than electrical wires. Optical fiber cables, have been installed in different parts of the world, and is expected to replace other communication media in many applications.

The new optical technologies such as dense wave division multiplex (dense wave multiplexing, DWDM), can share a glass fiber to 40 channels, allowing each piece to address the 5 million calls. DWDM technology in the future is expected to be 1.000 mebagi each fiber channel, so each strand, can handle 122 million calls. In addition, a newly developed optical router will send the optical signal, 2.500 miles without needing retransmission, thus eliminating the need for repetition every 370 miles to produce a return signal.

Types of Telecommunications Networks.

Types of Telecommunications Networks.

There are different types of tissues, which serves as the telecommunications infrastructure, to the Internet and corporate intranets and extranets internet based. However, from the perspective of the end user, there are only a few basic types, such as wide area networks and local area networks, as well as peer-to-peer, client-server, and network computing.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Telecommunications network covering a wide geographical area called a Wide Area Network (WAN). Network that covers a broad area of the city or metropolitan (Metropolitan Area Network, MAN) may also be in this category. Such an extensive network, it has become necessary to perform daily activities, from the many businesses and organisasipemerintah, as well as end users. For example, the WAN is used by many multinational companies, sending and receiving information among employees, customers, suppliers, and other organizations in various cities, regions, countries around the world.

Local Area Network (LAN)

Connect computers and other information processing equipment at the point of limited physical area, such as offices, classrooms, buildings, manufacturing plants, or other workplace. LAN has become something common, for many organizations, to provide telecommunications network, which connects the end user to the offices, departments, and other working groups.

LAN using a variety of telecommunications media, such as telephone wires, coaxial cable, or even wireless radio and infrared systems. To interconnect microcomputers with perferal workplace computer. To communicate within the network, each computer usually has a circuit board called the Network Interface. Most LAN, using electric, a higher power, with a large capacity hard disk, called the File Server or Server Network, which contains a network operating system, which controls the communication and resource sharing network. For example, the distribution of copies of data files and software packages, kr mikrikomputer others in the network and controlling access to a shared laser printers and other network peripherals.

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Many organizations use VPN to establish secure intranets and extranets, Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a secure network that uses the Internet as its backbone, but rely on firewalls, encryption, and other security features for internet and intranet connection, and a connection with the company other. So, for example, the VPN will allow companies to use the Internet, to secure its intranet, between branch offices, in a distant temapat manufacturing plant.

Client - Server Network (CSN)

Network Client-Server architecture has become the dominant information in enterprise computing. In a client-server network, end-user computer work, is the client. They are connected to a local area network, and share processing applications with a network server. (Client and server arrangement is often called Client-Server Architecture two ties). Local area networks, also associated with the LAN. And wide area networks, server, and client work.

A trend that continues to happen is, the reduction in size (downsizing), large computer systems by replacing, with a client-server network. For example, client-server network of multiple LANs interconnected, can megganti network, based manframe great with plenty of end-user terminals. This usually requires a complicated undertaking, and expensive to install new software applications, to replace the software business information systems, based on older traditional mainframe, which is now called the Legacy System. Client-server networks, is considered more economical and flexible than legacy systems to meet the needs of end users, workgroups, and business units, and more adaptable, the computational workload diversity.

Network Computing.

The high dependency on computer hardware, software, and data from the Internet, intranets, and extranets, and other networks have stressed that for many pegguna "Networking is the user". Network Computing, or the concept of Network Centric network view, the central computing resources, from computing environment.

Alternative Telecommunication Network.

Alternative Telecommunication Network.

Telecommunications is a field of information systems technology, which is rapidly changing and highly technical. Most business practitioners, it does not require detailed knowledge, the technical characteristics. However, you need to understand some important characteristics, from the basic components of the telecommunications network. This understanding will help you, to participate effectively in decision-making.

Telecommunications Network Model.

Before discussing alternative telecommunications networks, we need to understand the basic components of the telecommunications network. Generally, telecommunications network is an arrangement, in which the sender sends a message, to the receiver, through a channel consisting of a medium. These components are:

a). Terminal: such as networked personal computers, computer networks, or equipment information. Each device input / output, which uses telecommunications network, to send or receive data, Adala terminals, including phones and various computer terminals.

b). Telecommunications Processors: a supportive, sending and receiving data between the terminal and the computer. This equipment such as modems, switches, and routers, perform a variety of functions, control and support in telecommunication networks. For example, the equipment, change the data, from digital to analog, or vice versa, encode, and eliminate code data, as well as controlling the speed and efficiency of the flow of communication between the computer and the terminal, in the network.

c). Channels of communication: the place where the data is sent and received. Telecommunication channel can use a combination of multiple media, such as copper wire, coaxial cable, or fiber optic cable, or use wireless systems, such as short wave, satellite communications, radio and cellular systems, for interconnecting components, from telecommunications networks.

d). Computers: shape in all sizes and types are linked by a telecommunication network in order to perform information processing tasks. For example, a mainframe computer can act as the host computer, the extensive network, equipped with a medium scale computer, which acts as a front-end processor (Frond-end), while the microcomputer can act as a network server on a small network.

e). Software control of telecommunications: consists of programs that control communication activities, and manage the functions of telecommunications networks. Examples include all kinds of network management programs, such as telecommunications monitor, to the host computer, mainframe, network operating systems, for network servers, and Web browsers for microcomputers.

No matter how large or complex, jaringanelekomunikasi, in this world, the five basic categories of these components must be present to support the activities of the telecommunications organization. It is a conceptual framework that you can use to help you understand the various types of telecommunications networks in use today.

Using Internet Business

Internet Business Value

How many companies that received the business value of the Internet for E-Commerce. The cost savings are substantial, can diperleh for applications that use the Internet, and Internet-based technologies (such as intranets and extranets) cheaper to dkembangkan, run, and maintain than a traditional system. For example, American Airlines save money every time pelangganmenggunakan Web site, not their phone system support.

Sources of other businesses, including the acquisition of new customers, with products and marketing, innovative, and retain customers, now with improved support, and customer service. Of course, increased revenue, through the application of E-Commerce is the main source of business value. Mostly, the company built a Web site E-Business and E-Commerce, in order to achieve six major business value, namely:

a. Generate new revenue from online berlualan.

b. Reduce transaction costs through online sales and customer support.

c. Attract new customers through advertising and web marketing as well as selling online.

d. Increase customer loyalty through improved customer support and service sites.

e. Developing new markets Web-based, and distribution channels for existing products.

f. Develop information-based products balls that can be accessed on the Web.

Intranet Business Value

All types of organizations are implementing intranet usage. One way to manage enterprise intranet application is to classify that, conceptually, into a few categories of service users, which shows the basic services offered by the intranet users. How applications, the intranet can be combined with the resources, the existing information system, and extended to customers, suppliers, and business partners via the Internet and extranets.

Communication and Collaboration: Intranet can significantly improve communication and collaboration within the enterprise.

Web Publication; Advantages development, and publication of documents mutimedia, a hyperlink to the hypermedia database that can be accessed on the World Wide Web server has been shifted to the corporate Intranet.

Management and Business Operations; Intranet is not just making hypermedia information available on the Web server, or send it to the user, through a broadcast network.

Extranet Business Value.

Eksranet Role; when companies use Internet technology opens (extranet) to improve communication with customers and partners, companies can gain many competitive advantages, in developing products business, cost savings, marketing, distribution, and increased partnerships.

Extranet business value obtained from several factors. First, extranet Web browser technology makes Web customers and suppliers to access intranet resources more easily and faster than the old method of business. Second, extranet enables the company to a new interactive Web services for their business partners. So, the extranet is another way for businesses to build or strengthen relationships with strategic suppliers pelanggandan. In addition, the extranet enabling and improving business cooperation with customers and other business partners. Extranets facilitate product development, marketing, and customer-focused processes in interactive and online, which can produce products that are designed to be marketed better and faster.